The impact of subculture on consumer behavior Research Paper

The impact of subculture on consumer behavior - Research Paper Example The paper discusses the different types of subcultures. The age and the ethnic subculture are discussed in detail. Due to the varied nature of consumer preferences that have emerged as a consequence of subcultures, the managers have to spend time and resources in construing a marketing mix that caters maximally to the diverse needs of consumers. A business culture is defined as the set of shared values, perceptions, attitudes and the philosophies of an organization. These values are instilled into the employees through the mission statement of the organization. The mainstream culture of the organization is reflected in its subcultures. Consumption helps to construct an identity for the consumer (Saren, 2007). Subculture refers to the pockets or segments of culture that show variations in attitudes, customs, values and norms as a result of geographical distances or the departmental aims or job requirements of an organization (BusinessDictionary.com, 2010). The Consumer Culture Theory helps to explain the relationships between the consumers, their consumption practices and their socio-cultural systems and analyzes cultural meaning systems (Arnould & Thompson, 2005). Subcultures operate within the broader perspective of the professional culture; yet, subcultures are different from the main culture since the people forming the subculture have some degree of difference in their values and behaviors. There are various types of subcultures present in an organization. Some subcultures have a major impact on the organizational policy, whereas others are barely conspicuous and unimportant. This paper attempts to explore the impact subculture has on consumer behavior. Gattorna (2009) observes that the dynamic alignment concept involves the alignment and integration of four elements: the market place, the responses to consumer demands, the internal cultural

Qualitative Research Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Qualitative Research Approaches - Essay Example This in turn reduces the economic growth and is barriers to economic development since a huge proportion of the inhabitants do not give to the economy. Various measures have been taken to reduce homelessness among the HIV infected adults, but they are not effective since the measures taken do not consider the needs of those infected. The aim of this research is to find out the needs of homeless people living with HIV in order to develop sustainable strategies that will be effective in reducing level of homelessness among those infected with the virus. Ethnography is suitable for this research since the needs of the people living with HIV will be obtained on a first hand basis. Interview bias, common in researches dealing with HIV, will be avoided with this since the researcher will interact with the participants in their day to day activities hence get accurate information. In the current decade, an increasing number of illiterate adults are heading to school to get the basic education. According to the International Adult Literacy Survey (2002), some of the reasons for this are the increasing awareness on the importance of basic education and increase in empowerment programs that encourage illiterate adults to get education. However, going back to school at an older age has its challenges. Most of the adults in these programs have jobs to attend to and families to raise. This makes education one of the least of their priorities hence they do not learn as much as they should. The aim of this research is to study the experience adults go through in school. This will help adult literacy programs and planners come up with strategies that will ensure maximum information is learned by adult learners given that they have other responsibilities. Phenomenology is suitable for this research study since the researcher will understand the experiences of adult school

Hamlet and King Lear :: essays research papers

There are a lot of similarities in two Shakespeare stories HAMLET and KING LEAR. I guess its because of the style in which Shakes peare wrote. William Shakespeare wrote three kinds of stories: comedy, tragedy and history. Both of these books are tragedies and they are very similar tragedies. In both of these stories there is a feud going on within the family. And in both the feud is between the children and their parents or relatives. Hamlet is looking for the revenge on his uncle for killing Hamlets father and hes upset with his mother marrying the murderer. Here Lears evil daughters try to completely destroy their father. Lear calls his daughters and asks them who loves the most. Regan and Goneril lie just to get Lears land and power. Cordelia honestly answers Lear and for that is given away to France, because Lear has gone out of his mind. After Lear gives out almost all his land he realizes his wrongdoing and tries to restore his power. But now its too late, because his daughters already took away all the land. He sees how evil his daughters really are and they dont love him at all, so he curses them. Now Lear appears to be crazy from his actions, but in reality he exactly knows what is going on. Hamlet saw the ghost of his father and it told Hamlet that his uncle killed him to become the king. This shows that the person will even commit murder to get control of the country, just like we see in KING LEAR. After the ghost appeared to Hamlet, he started to act like he was crazy. But just like Lear, in reality he wasnt crazy, he was thinking of how to get back at his uncle. The endings of both stories are very similar. Besides the fact that all the main characters in both stories die, its how they die thats interesting. Because Goneril wants to get Edmund, she poisons her sister Regan. Hamlets uncle wants to poison Hamlet, but by mistake he poisoned his wife, Hamlets mother. Hamlet by mistake kills his uncle servant Polonius. Because of the death of her father Ophelia (Polonius daughter) goes insane and later kills herself. Because Gonerils plan didnt work, she kills herself. At the end there is a duel between Edgar and Edmund, where Edgar kills his bastard brother. At the end of HAMLET there is a duel between Hamlet and Polonius son, where Hamlet wins but in

Cry Freedom Essay

The opening sequence depicts a South African police raid on an illegal shanti-town. Quick cuts create a sense of chaos, panic and confusion as uniformed police bludgeon Africans who run in fear. Close up shots of a vicious barking police dog are juxtaposed against a terrified baby screaming in order to shock the responder. Other quick cuts reveal policeman raping women and assaulting black Africans who are not resisting. The following scene depicts a young woman listening to a radio broadcast which states the raid was peaceful, with many people returning to their home towns. As the woman listens, her facial expression is one of contempt and anger for she knows this is false. A return to the shanti-town uses a panning shot as bulldozers demolish the township. And people are arrested and taken away. The music which accompanies this is a Zulu protest song which reaches crescendo as the camera seizes its pan. It stops on the poster depicting Stephen Biko, a black rights activist. In Donald Woods’ office a close up shot focuses on photographs of police brutality during the raid contradicting the official news. When asked if Woods will print them he relies defiantly â€Å"I’ll risk it†. Clearly, Woods is an individual who does not believe in or support the Afrikaans government approach, making him an individual with different values, beliefs and attitudes to the wider white South African society. A close up on Woods as he declares Biko is building a wall of black hatred and prejudice and I will fight him establishes Woods’ character as a champion of humanity. However he has misinterpreted Biko’s philosophy and political agenda at the outset. Biko’s black consciousness means he wishes to end the perception of blacks that they are inferior to whites. However when he â€Å"put some of these houghts down on paper† he was immediately banned by the South African government merely for expressing a desire for equality. The view of the government was that black Africans were subhuman and inferior to whites. â€Å"We know how you live, we cut your laws, we cook your food, we clean your house† combines an anaphora of we and your is an accumulation of alliterative verbs to emphasis the powerlessness of black Africans. Biko’s beliefs begin to challenge Woods’ views on black consciousness â€Å"We have to kill the idea that one man is superior to another man, we have to fill the black community with our pride†. These declarations are made by Biko at an illegal gathering (a football match where Biko must stay hidden in the crowd) A wide angle shot of Biko surrounded by African man and women and children who all turn to him and listen attentively is used to emphasis his individual power to influence others and inspire them with black consciousness. Biko is giving the white people a choice to either fight violently and the blacks will fight them too or to come peacefully with an open palm. When assaulted by a policeman Biko asserts that â€Å"I just expect to be treated like you would†. When the police officer strikes Biko, he immediately retaliates with violence, before explaining â€Å"we are just as weak as you are†. These actions are very brave as the police were capable of murder and Biko may have been beaten to death. Quick cuts from Biko’s frightened and anxious close up to the policeman’s close up, his face enraged, emphasized Biko’s danger. When Biko is on trial for breaching his banning order he is framed is a neutral angled mid shot and back lit with light falling on his shoulders and head suggesting he has been blessed by god. The neutral angle conveys his humanness inviting us to identify with him. The camera switches to a low angle when the judge asks Biko if he thinks the white government is â€Å"doing any good†, the judge is in the foreground of the frame. Giving power and status to Biko is this scene as Biko says â€Å"the government does so good, there is so little to say about it†. Biko ends his speech by stating â€Å"our hope is to build up our own humanity, our own legitimate place in the world. This scene is immediately followed by a wide angled shot of police destroying the community center established by Biko. Donald Woods go to Victoria to speak to the head chief of the police. Wide angle shots of the police chief’s praetorian mansion reveal the opulent splendor of white politicians in the Afrikaans government in contrast to the poverty of the black townships. The Afrikaans may have built the city but they built it using the Africans. A sequence where the security police raid Biko’s house and search for â€Å"illegal documents† reviles the extent of danger to Biko as an individual in a society which seeks to keep power and control in the hands of whites. The police raid at night rather than in plain light which suggests they are pernicious motives as they are not prepared to search during the day. Low-key lighting casts shadows over the police symbolizing their corruption whilst the musical score is threatening in order to accentuate Biko’s peril. It is only by hiding his writing in the nappies of his son that Biko escapes persecution. The following sequence reviles how Donald Woods was also subject to police intimidation. Police attempt to harass his domestic helper when Woods intervenes. The officer refers to her as a Bantu female in a derogatory manor, scowling his distaste. Woods points a pistol at the police declaring them to be intruders on his property. A low-angle camera shot of him leveling the weapon makes him appear imposing and powerful, a quick cut to the police shows them to be worried before Woods is again captured in a low-angle close-up reveling his rage at this attempted intimidation, he hurls am imperative at the departing officers â€Å"piss off† further evoking his power. Mupeka, an African minister and friend and supporter of Biko is kidnapped from the street by security police. A high-angle photograph reviles his wide eyed terror as he is bundled into a police car. The following scene reviles Woods filmed from a high-angle and low-key lighting as he reviles Mupeka is dead. The angle reinforces the notion that Woods is powerless in the face of the violence and murder which the security police are prepared to use on anybody who threatens the power of the white Afrikaans government. Constantly reinforced in this film is the idea that there may be catastrophic consequences when individuals challenge the values and beliefs of a society. Biko knew that there are risks to going to Capetown because he knew that he would be breaking his banning order. When Biko was caught he would be put in jail before trial. Biko would be beaten to death in the prisons because it is behind closed doors where the world couldn’t see him and it could be framed as a suicide attempt. The mis’ en scene which foreshadows Biko’s death at the hands of the security police conveys the full horror which comes from challenging those who hold power in a society which is determined to keep its power. A long shot of a lit corridor reveals two police officers making their way to the cells where political prisoners are beaten and tortured, they descend into darkness. The low key lighting casts shadow symbolising a lack of hope for those in these cells. Harsh non-diegetic sound of locks opening and gates shutting emphasise the control the police have over their captives. The white teletex is accompanied by non-diegetic typewriter tapping which reports clinically and objectively the date Biko was given medical treatment. The camera pans from Biko’s foot along his naked body lying on the floor of a cell before resting on a mid-shot of his face twisted to the side. Shadows of bars across him symbolise his captivity while the swollen and mangled flesh on his face indicates he has received massive head injuries from the police. His breathing is shallow and laboured/he is close to death. Low-angle shot looking up at the police conveys their power; their grim faces evoke their hatred and lack of compassion for Biko. Biko’s nakedness and prostrate symbolise his vulnerability while the doctor kneels over Biko pleading to get him to hospital quickly. Low-key lighting casts prison bar shadows over Biko and the doctor emphasising their being trapped by their circumstances while the police are virtually hidden by shadow symbolising their evil secrecy. A high-pitched synthesised chord creates tension as the doctor demands Biko be taken to hospital to see a specialist. Maudlin strings accompany the police decision to drive â€Å"700 miles to Pretoria while a mid-shot of the doctor reviles him hanging his head in despair. A still-shot frames Biko’s face in closer as teletex and the non-diegetic typewriter give the date and announce â€Å"Steve Biko dies in custody†. This creates incongruity as Biko’s life is worth considerable grief and dismay yet the clinical and objective teletex message denies this. The mis’ en scene of Biko’s wife and children grieving is a powerful reminder of the cost that individuals may suffer when they challenge a society. A wide-angle shot captures Biko’s wife sitting nursing his youngest child head aloft, eyes closed and tears running down her cheeks. She rocks her son who cries out for Daddy over and over. A Banatul hymn accompanies the scene whilst low-key lighting casts a shadow symbolising the despair and grief Biko’s death has caused. In contrast to the previous scenes where shadow from low key lighting abounds Johnny Kruger (police chief) is filmed from a low angled and bathed in a high key lighting. His comments that Biko’s death in custody â€Å"leaves me cold† is met with applause. His smiling facial expression suggests he is pleased that Biko is dead, â€Å"not cold at all†. His deliration that â€Å"he died after a hunger strike† is filmed from a long shot creating distance between him and the responder. A close up on Donald Wood’s wife begins the campaign of police harassment against his family/she is called a â€Å"black loving bitch† and is threatened with â€Å"we are coming to get you†, clearly audible over the receiver. A hand held camera jerkily captures the panic and the excruciating pain of Woods’ youngest child who has put on a t-shirt laced with acid. Her screams reverberate around the room as the acid burns her face torso and arms, the security police have deliberately targeted Woods’ family and now his young children just as Bob Ewell attempted to stab Jem and Scout. These actions are despicable but demonstrate the lengths those in society will resort to, to preserve their values and beliefs which keep them in power. A mid-shot of Woods’ son, also burned, reveals him crying and afraid. Significantly, this attack persuades Wood’s wife that Donald needs to escape South Africa to publicize Biko’s death. This is a courageous decision as she knows her family will be vulnerable. A mid-shot of Wood’s wife comforting her daughter as bright slight shines on their face is used to symbolize the purity and goodness of those who stand up to threats and intimidation. A mid-shot of Biko saying â€Å"they are kids, they may shout, break a few windows† foreshadows the violence of the school children’s protest which closes the film.

Operations Management Processes and Supply Chains

Operations Management: Processes and Supply Chains, 10e (Krajewski et al.) Chapter 14 Forecasting 1) The repeated observations of demand for a product or service in their order of occurrence form a pattern known as a time series. Answer: TRUE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: time series, repeated observations 2) One of the basic time series patterns is random. Answer: TRUE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: time series, pattern, random 3) Random variation is an aspect of demand that increases the accuracy of the forecast. Answer: FALSE Reference: Demand Patterns Difficulty: Easy Keywords: random variation, forecast accuracy 4) Aggregation is the act of clustering†¦show more content†¦Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: regression, correlation coefficient 16) The larger the slope of the regression line, the more accurate the regression forecast. Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Easy Keywords: regression line, correlation coefficient, slope 17) A linear regression model results in the equation Y = 15 - 23X. If the coefficient of determination is a perfect 1.0, the correlation coefficient must be -1. Answer: TRUE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: regression, correlation coefficient, slope, coefficient of determination AACSB: Analytic skills 18) The standard error of the estimate measures how closely the data on the independent variable cluster around the regression line. Answer: FALSE Reference: Causal Methods: Linear Regression Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: standard error, regression 19) Time-series forecasts require information about only the dependent variable. Answer: TRUE Reference: Time-Series Methods Difficulty: Moderate Keywords: time-series method, dependent variable Learning Outcome: Describe major approaches to forecasting 20) A naive forecast is a time-series method whereby the forecast for the next period equals theShow MoreRelatedSupply Chain Operations Reference Model: Purpose and Operations1092 Words   |  5 PagesSupply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR): Information about (SCC) Developed by Supply Chain Council (SCC) SCC: Independent, not-for-profit corporation organized in 1996 by: Global management-consulting firm, Pittiglio Rabin Todd McGrath (PRTM) and Market research firm, Advanced Manufacturing Research (AMR) in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Started with 69 voluntary companies; now close to 1000 members. 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In the present era of globalization and increasing international competition, a trend away from vertically integrated organizations has become more and more evident. In fact, most companies nowadays tend to solely concentrate on their own core competencies, outsourcingRead MoreSupply and Demand Chain Management: The Effect of Adding Services to Product Offerings by 823 Words   |  4 PagesVarious operations management facts and theories are objectively presented throughout the article of â€Å"Supply and Demand Chain Management: The Effect of Adding Services to Product Offerings† by Oscar Bustinza, Glenn Parry and Ferran Vendrell-Herrero. These theories include supply chain management and competitive advantage, operations strategy and technology. 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Operations Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 III. Supply Chain Management and Profitability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 IV. Examples/Case Studies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreRole Of Procurement And Supply Chain Management Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesProcurement and Supply Chain Management Procurement and supply chain are two critical aspects of organizational performance. Stiff competition in the market has called for the need for companies to strive towards streamlining their operations to meet the unique demands of their clients. One important path that has been pursued by a number of companies is the adoption of acceptable standards of operations in their procurement and supply chain. The mechanics of purchasing and all processes involved inRead MoreSupply Chain Management And Operations Management747 Words   |  3 PagesPart I, Objective 1: Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Operations Management (OM) Supply chain management is the business of overseeing the flow of materials to manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers. It is an external process that involves supply chain managers communicating with other vendors to ensure a product flows through the supply chain smoothly. Once a product reaches the consumer, it has already flowed through multiple organizations – these organizations collectively are referred

Michael T Hayden Medical Center - 1024 Words

Simon J Castro Grand Canyon University: HLT 302 10/05/2014 During the last week I have been observing spiritual needs of patients in the Carl T Hayden Medical center in Phoenix Arizona. A majority of the assessment was observation based and one patient was open to some questions. The assessment tool I used is a set of five questions and the tool is always preceded by observation. The assessment is based on the observation period involves looking for obvious signs of religious or spiritual activity. These signs could be religious literature in the patient possession, wearing religious insignia; such a necklace with a cross or Star of David, and noticing the activity of the chaplain rounds. My assessment is based off of the F.I.C.A†¦show more content†¦I felt that was probably a common theme, that the patients felt that they were a burden on the staff. The assessment does not ask what a patient specific beliefs are and this was designed to prevent patients that might possess diverse faiths as from feeling uncomfortable. Dameron (2005) states that is is important when assessing spiritual needs of a patient to no impart a religious belief or spiritual system onto the patient. The patient stated that his beliefs were important to him and he already did have religious literature or visits from the chaplain. This was to be expected and I realized that the patients selected for the assessment mostly already had signs or spiritual or religious belief, in the future I might attempt to assess a patient that do not show any outward signs of religious affiliation. The patient expressed that his spiritual needs already had been met, but they also enjoyed the opportunity to talk about the subject. I asked if there was anything I could do to help them spiritually, the patient asked to pray together while I took him to an appointment in his gurney. He asked for another Bible, her couldn’t find his. I also found it awkward to interact with the student nursing staff when I told them that a patient wanted a Bible to read, a student on rotation seemed confused. The desk nurse knew who to contact, so it would appear that the regular

The Use of Persuasion in Jewelry Departments Essay

Other people have a profound affect on our behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. A friend can coax another to drink alcohol at a party, despite being underage. A husband can convince his wife that she deserves to be beaten, and a professor can entice a student to prefer one philosophy over the others. These incidents demonstrate how easily influenced humans are, especially when they do not pay attention. Since the results can be severe, it is important for individuals to learn and recognize the various methods used to exploit them. During my research, I came across at least four methods which are frequently practiced: â€Å"Door-in-the-Face Technique,† â€Å"Foot-in-the-Door Technique,† â€Å"That’s-Not-All Technique†, and â€Å"Expertise† The first one I†¦show more content†¦When the shopper denies this outrageous proposal, the merchant then draws attention to a more reasonably-priced product. S/he hopes the consumer will feel guilty about th eir prior rejection and will thus agree to their new alleged compromise (Taylor, Peplau, Sears, 2006). When Matt learned that I was looking for a pair of earrings, he presented me with a pair that cost over two hundred dollars. After I informed him that I only need a cheap replacement pair, he showed me a pair for only forty dollars. While forty dollars was still out of my budget range, Matt’s actions clearly demonstrate the Door-in-the-Face technique. Despite this, I was not persuaded, but annoyed. His persistence actually incited me to resist his efforts. I recognize that this aggravation may have been caused by my familiarity with the strategies of salesmen. Still, I would not have continued to drop the prices. Instead, I would have attempted another technique. The second approach I stumbled upon during my field experience is often linked to door-to-door salesmen. 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